https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index en-au 5 Effects of hole shape on mechanical behavior and fracturing mechanism of rock: Implications for instability of underground openings https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:54390 circular-holed sample > elliptical-holed sample > inverted-U holed sample > square-holed sample. Irrespective of the hole shape, the primary tensile crack initiates at the top and bottom of the hole, but its development is trapped. The growth and coalescence of shear cracks near the sidewalls eventually give rise to the sample failure. Stress analysis around the holes reveals a positive dependence of the reduction in load capacity on the maximum compressive stress concentration which is controlled by the shape of the hole. This indicates that the amplification of compressive stress induced by the hole governs the rock collapse. 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